Exploring the effects of dietary fiber on the gut microbiome and inflammatory diseases

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In a recent study published in Medicine in microbiologyIn this study, the researchers reviewed how dietary fiber modulates the composition and function of the gut microbiota.

Study: The gut microbiome: linking dietary fiber to inflammatory diseases.  Image credit: Alpha Tauri 3D Graphics/Shutterstock
Stady: The gut microbiome: linking dietary fiber to inflammatory diseases. Image credit: Alpha Tauri 3D Graphics/Shutterstock

Diet is an important factor in shaping the human gut microbiome. People are consuming less dietary fiber due to the rise of Western diets (high in simple carbohydrates and fats and low in fiber) associated with industrialization. These diets may affect the gut microbial composition and negatively affect host physiology, metabolism, and immunity.

Dietary fiber is a complex polymeric carbohydrate that cannot be metabolized by enzymes encoded by the human genome and is metabolized by gut microbes through anaerobic fermentation. Epidemiological studies indicate an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with a lower intake of dietary fiber. The gut microbiome regulates host metabolism and immune homeostasis.

Various dietary fibers and their metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), can profoundly affect hosts and modulate the gut microbial composition. Therefore, exploring how dietary fiber regulates host microbial communities could allow for targeted therapeutic interventions. As such, in this study, the authors demonstrate the effects of dietary fiber interventions on the gut microbiome and inflammatory diseases.

Dietary fiber affects the gut microbiota

One study reported that consuming chicory-derived inulin for a short period increased the ratio Anerosteps And the Bifidobacterium In healthy adults with mild constipation. Studies have revealed that inulin and pectin promote the growth of distinct microbial communities when provided as the sole energy source for the colonic microbiota. in the laboratory.

A long-term low-fiber diet can gradually reduce microbial diversity in mice over several generations, which is irreversible even after reintroduction to a high-fiber diet.

Despite multiple studies investigating the effects of dietary fiber on the gut microbial composition in animal models, there are limited studies in humans.

Rural people and those from less developed countries consume more fiber than people in urban/industrial areas. A study in the United States concluded that a high-fiber diet increases the risk of obesity Roseburia, Prevotella, Eubacterium, And the Ruminococcus, that metabolize plant sugars.

A meta-analysis reported that the dietary fiber intervention increased stool abundance lactobacillus And the Bifidobacterium spp., but the alpha diversity remains unchanged. Eating vegetables and whole grains has been found to increase microbial diversity in overweight or obese pregnant women.

The breakdown of dietary fiber is regulated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), including carbohydrate esterases (CEs) and glycoside hydrolases (GHs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), and cofactors. Microbial genes encoding caseymes control the ability to use fibers. Germs are the most common fiber-decomposing bacteria, with 18 CEs, 17 PLs, and 269 GHs. in the laboratory Studies show that bacteria show distinct preferences for the same dietary fiber.

Effect of dietary fiber on inflammatory diseases

One study observed significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy adult males who ate dietary fiber. Two Swedish studies indicated that a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of late-onset Crohn’s disease, a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In contrast, poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased risk by 12%.

The Mediterranean diet improves symptoms and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and mortality. Dietary fiber can protect the intestinal barrier. For example, a study found that a high-fiber diet protected mice against colitis. Fiber deprivation can deplete the mucus layer and disrupt the intestinal wall, increasing its permeability.

High-fiber diets have been shown to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, RA patients following a vegetarian diet had less swollen, tender, and tender joints and lower levels of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The average disease activity score decreased in rheumatoid arthritis patients after one week of consuming a Mediterranean diet.

Clinical applications of dietary fiber

Prebiotics represent one of the main approaches to treating gut microbial dysbiosis. Dietary interventions can be classified as low-fiber, high-fiber, or supplemental fibre. Dietary interventions high in fiber significantly increase gut microbial diversity relative to supplemental fiber interventions. A study shows that a Mediterranean-inspired diet reduces inflammatory markers and normal gut microbes in patients with Crohn’s disease.

The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases recommends eating vegetables and fruits for people with Crohn’s disease. According to a systematic review, patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis should eat a liberal, high-fiber diet; However, there is limited evidence of the benefits of dietary fiber in preventing diverticulitis.

Concluding remarks

Taken together, several studies highlight the beneficial outcomes of high-fiber dietary interventions. Thus, dietary fiber interventions may serve as a tool for regulating gut microbiota. Future research should focus on how personalized diets modify host responses and effectiveness Small molecule therapeutics against specific bacterial pathways for precision medicine.

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